Interactions | Reactions | Processes


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Classified as: Hydrolysis



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The term hydrolysis means "breaking-up" (lysis) "due to water" (hydro).

Many reactions are of the form X-Y + H2O -> X-H + HO-Y, and these reactions can be driven by removing water.

Hydrolysis reactions are usually multi-step processes with sequences of protonation followed by attack of HO- or H2O, or attack of HO- followed by protonation.
  +  
H2O
  +  
H+(aq)
        
RCHO
  +  
2
R–OH

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(CH3CO)2CO
  +  
2
[OH]–
        
2
[CH3COO]–
  +  
H2O

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RCOCl
  +  
H2O
        
RCOOH
  +  
HCl

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  +  
H+(aq)
        

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[BH4]–
  +  
4
H2O
        
4
H2
  +  
[B(OH)4]–

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[AlH4]–
  +  
4
H2O
        
4
H2
  +  
[Al(OH)4]–

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  +  
H2O
        
R–OH
  +  
HCHO
  +  
H+

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  +  
H2O
        
HCOOR
  +  
R–OH
  +  
H+

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B2H6
  +  
8
H2O
        
2
[B(OH)4]–
  +  
6
H2
  +  
2
H+

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  +  
H2
  +  
H2O
  +  
Pd
on C
  +  
H+(aq)
        
  +  
NH3

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  +  
2
Li
  +  
CH3CH2NH2
  +  
2
[H]
  +  
H2O
        
  +  
CH3OH
  +  
2
Li+

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  +  
H2O
  +  
H+(aq)
        
  +  
CH3OH

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  +  
H2O
        
  +  
(CH3)2NH

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  +  
H2O
  +  
H+
        
RCHO
  +  

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CH3COOR
  +  
H2O
  +  
OH–(aq)
        
[CH3COO]–
  +  
R–OH

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CH3COOR
  +  
H2O
  +  
H+(aq)
        
CH3COOH(aq)
  +  
R–OH

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  +  
H2O
        

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RLi
  +  
H2O
        
R–H
  +  
Li+
  +  
[OH]–

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RSO2Cl
  +  
H2O
        
R–SO3H
  +  
HCl

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  +  
H2O
  +  
H+(aq)
        
  +  
RCOOH

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  +  
2
NaOH
  +  
OH–(aq)
        
  +  
RCOO–
  +  
2
Na+

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  +  
NaOH
  +  
OH–(aq)
        
RCOO–
  +  
CH3OH

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  +  
H2O
        
  +  
Li+
  +  
[OH]–

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  +  
H2O
  +  
H+(aq)
        
  +  
CH3COOH

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[BH4]–
  +  
H+
  +  
3
H2O
        
H3BO3
  +  
4
H2

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CaNCN
  +  
3
H2O
        
2
NH3
  +  
CaCO3

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Li3N
  +  
3
H2O
        
3
LiOH
  +  
NH3

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Li2O
  +  
H2O
        
2
LiOH

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Na2O
  +  
H2O
        
2
NaOH

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KO2
  +  
H2O
        
2
KOH

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2
NaNO2
  +  
2
HCl
  +  
H2O
        
NO2
  +  
NO
  +  
2
NaCl
  +  
H2O

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2
[NO2]–
  +  
2
H+
  +  
H2O
        
NO2
  +  
NO
  +  
H2O

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LiH
  +  
H2O
        
LiOH
  +  
H2

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NaH
  +  
H2O
        
NaOH
  +  
H2

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KH
  +  
H2O
        
KOH
  +  
H2

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RbH
  +  
H2O
        
RbOH
  +  
H2

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CsH
  +  
H2O
        
CsOH
  +  
H2

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Rb2O
  +  
H2O
        
2
RbOH

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Cs2O
  +  
H2O
        
2
CsOH

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LiC≡CLi
  +  
2
H2O
        
HC≡CH
  +  
2
LiOH

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Be3N2
  +  
6
H2O
        
3
Be(OH)2
  +  
2
NH3

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Mg3N2
  +  
6
H2O
        
3
Mg(OH)2
  +  
2
NH3

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Ca3N2
  +  
6
H2O
        
3
Ca(OH)2
  +  
2
NH3

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Sr3N2
  +  
6
H2O
        
3
Sr(OH)2
  +  
2
NH3

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Ba3N2
  +  
6
H2O
        
3
Ba(OH)2
  +  
2
NH3

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BeH2
  +  
2
H2O
        
Be(OH)2
  +  
2
H2

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MgH2
  +  
2
H2O
        
Mg(OH)2
  +  
2
H2

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CaH2
  +  
2
H2O
        
Ca(OH)2
  +  
2
H2

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SrH2
  +  
2
H2O
        
Sr(OH)2
  +  
2
H2

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BaH2
  +  
2
H2O
        
Ba(OH)2
  +  
2
H2

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Be2C
  +  
4
H2O
        
2
Be(OH)2
  +  
CH4

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MgC2
  +  
2
H2O
        
HC≡CH
  +  
Mg(OH)2

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SrC2
  +  
2
H2O
        
HC≡CH
  +  
Sr(OH)2

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BaC2
  +  
2
H2O
        
HC≡CH
  +  
Ba(OH)2

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4
BF3
  +  
3
H2O
        
H3BO3
  +  
3
H+
  +  
3
[BF4]–

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BBr3
  +  
3
H2O
        
H3BO3
  +  
3
HBr

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BCl3
  +  
3
H2O
        
H3BO3
  +  
3
HCl

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BI3
  +  
3
H2O
        
H3BO3
  +  
3
HI

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B2H6
  +  
6
H2O
        
2
H3BO3
  +  
6
H2

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  +  
9
H2O
        
3
H3BO3
  +  
3
NH3
  +  
3
H2

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  +  
H2O
        
2
HCl
  +  
CO2

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CCl4
  +  
H2O
        
  +  
2
HCl

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Ca3P2
  +  
6
H2O
        
2
PH3
  +  
3
Ca(OH)2

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P
  +  
3
NaOH
  +  
3
H2O
        
PH3
  +  
3
Na+
  +  
3
[H2PO2]–

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Cs3As
  +  
3
H2O
        
H3As
  +  
3
CsOH

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K3As
  +  
3
H2O
        
H3As
  +  
3
KOH

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Li3As
  +  
3
H2O
        
H3As
  +  
3
LiOH

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Na3As
  +  
3
H2O
        
H3As
  +  
3
NaOH

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Rb3As
  +  
3
H2O
        
H3As
  +  
3
RbOH

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Cs3Sb
  +  
3
H2O
        
H3Sb
  +  
3
CsOH

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K3Sb
  +  
3
H2O
        
H3Sb
  +  
3
KOH

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Li3Sb
  +  
3
H2O
        
H3Sb
  +  
3
LiOH

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Na3Sb
  +  
3
H2O
        
H3Sb
  +  
3
NaOH

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Rb3Sb
  +  
3
H2O
        
H3Sb
  +  
3
RbOH

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NCl3
  +  
4
H2O
        
[NH4]+
  +  
[OH]–
  +  
3
HClO

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PCl3
  +  
3
H2O
        
H3PO3
  +  
3
HCl

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PCl5
  +  
4
H2O
        
H3PO4
  +  
5
HCl

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PCl5
  +  
H2O
        
POCl3
  +  
2
HCl

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N2O4
  +  
H2O
        
HNO3
  +  
HNO2

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3
NO2
  +  
H2O
        
2
HNO3
  +  
NO

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N2O5
  +  
H2O
        
2
HNO3

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2
P2O3
  +  
6
H2O
        
4
H3PO3

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2
H3PO4
        
  +  
H2O

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  +  
H2O
        
H3PO4
  +  
H3PO3

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P
  +  
3
[OH]–
  +  
3
H2O
        
PH3
  +  
3
[H2PO2]–

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Al2O3
  +  
6
HCl
        
2
Al3+
  +  
6
Cl–
  +  
3
H2O

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Al2O3
  +  
2
NaOH
  +  
3
H2O
        
2
Na[Al(OH)4]

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Al2O3
  +  
2
[OH]–
  +  
3
H2O
        
2
[Al(OH)4]–

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  +  
H2O
        
HOOH
  +  
H2SO4

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B2O3
  +  
3
H2O
        
2
H3BO3

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N2O3
  +  
H2O
        
2
HNO2

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Na2SO3
  +  
2
HCl
  +  
H2O
        
SO2
  +  
2
NaCl
  +  
H2O

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2
        
S
  +  
H2S
  +  
SO2
  +  
H2SO4

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  +  
H2O
        
  +  
H2SO4

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SOCl2
  +  
H2O
        
SO2
  +  
2
HCl

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SOF2
  +  
H2O
        
SO2
  +  
2
HF

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SOBr2
  +  
H2O
        
SO2
  +  
2
HBr

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TeF6
  +  
6
H2O
        
Te(OH)6
  +  
6
HF

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SF4
  +  
2
H2O
        
SO2
  +  
4
HF

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SCl4
  +  
2
H2O
        
SO2
  +  
4
HCl

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2
ClO2
  +  
H2O
  +  
hν
        
O2
  +  
2
H+
  +  
[ClO3]–
  +  
Cl–

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6
BrO2
  +  
6
[OH]–
        
5
[BrO3]–
  +  
Br–
  +  
3
H2O

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ClF
  +  
H2O
        
HClO
  +  
HF

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BrF
  +  
H2O
        
HOBr
  +  
HF

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BrCl
  +  
H2O
        
HOBr
  +  
HCl

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I–Cl
  +  
H2O
        
HOI
  +  
HCl

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I–Br
  +  
H2O
        
HOI
  +  
HBr

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I–F
  +  
H2O
        
HOI
  +  
HF

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ClF3
  +  
2
H2O
        
HClO2
  +  
3
HF

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ClF5
  +  
3
H2O
        
HClO3
  +  
5
HF

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BrF5
  +  
3
H2O
        
HBrO3
  +  
5
HF

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IF5
  +  
3
H2O
        
HIO3
  +  
5
HF

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2
XeF2
  +  
2
H2O
        
2
Xe
  +  
4
HF
  +  
O2

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6
XeF4
  +  
12
H2O
        
2
XeO3
  +  
4
Xe
  +  
24
HF
  +  
3
O2

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XeF6
  +  
3
H2O
        
XeO3
  +  
6
HF

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XeO3
  +  
NaOH
        
Na+
  +  
[HXeO4]–

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2
Na+
  +  
2
[HXeO4]–
  +  
2
NaOH
        
4
Na+
  +  
[XeO6]4–
  +  
Xe
  +  
O2
  +  
2
H2O

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  +  
H2O
  +  
HCl(aq)
        
  +  
CO2
  +  
CH3CH2OH

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  +  
H2O
        
  +  
CH3OH

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2
  +  
Na2CO3
  +  
H2O
        
2
  +  
CO2
  +  
2
NaCl

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2
  +  
2
  +  
6
H2O
        
4
  +  
6
CH3COOH

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Na2[B4O5(OH)4]
.8H2O
  +  
2
HCl(aq)
        
4
H3BO3
  +  
2
NaCl
  +  
5
H2O

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Na2[B4O5(OH)4]
.8H2O
  +  
5
H2O
        
2
H3BO3
  +  
2
[B(OH)4]–
  +  
2
Na+
  +  
8
H2O

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Na2
[B2(OH)4(O2)2]
.6H2O
  +  
H2O
        
2
HOOH
  +  
2
[B(OH)4]–
  +  
2
Na+
  +  
2
H2O

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  +  
2
H2O
        
H2N–NH2
  +  
2

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SiF4
  +  
2
H2O
        
SiO2
  +  
4
HF

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NaOCl(aq)
  +  
2
HCl
        
Cl2
  +  
NaCl
  +  
H2O

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XeF6
  +  
H2O
        
XeOF4
  +  
2
HF

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1000
(CH3)2SiCl2
  +  
1000
H2O
        
[(CH3)2SiO]n
  +  
2000
HCl

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2
HCONH2
  +  
H2SO4
  +  
2
H2O
        
2
HCOOH
  +  
(NH4)2SO4

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  +  
H2O
        
  +  
HCHO
  +  
H2O

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  +  
H2O
        

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  +  
2
H2O
        
  +  
NH3

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  +  
H2O
        
  +  
NH3

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(C2H5O)2SO2
  +  
2
H2O
  +  
H2SO4
        
2
CH3CH2OH
  +  
  +  
H2SO4

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  +  
1000
NaOH
        

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  +  
H2O
  +  
H2SO4
        
  +  
[NH4]+
  +  
[HSO4]–

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  +  
CH3OH
  +  
H2SO4
        
  +  
[NH4]+
  +  
[HSO4]–

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  +  
H2SO4
  +  
2
H2O
        
  +  
[NH4]+
  +  
[HSO4]–

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  +  
H2SO4
  +  
H2O
  +  
CH3OH
        
  +  
[NH4]+
  +  
[HSO4]–

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  +  
H2O
  +  
NaOH
        
  +  
NaCl

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  +  
HOOH
        

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  +  
HOOH
  +  
H2O
  +  
H+
        

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  +  
  +  
  +  
H2O
        
Polyurethane
  +  
CO2

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2
  +  
2
HCN
  +  
2
H2
  +  
Pd
on BaSO4
  +  
2
H2O
        
  +  

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2
  +  
2
HCN
  +  
2
H2
  +  
Pd
on BaSO4
  +  
2
H2O
        
  +  

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2
  +  
2
HCN
  +  
2
H2
  +  
Pd
on BaSO4
  +  
2
H2O
        
  +  

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2
  +  
2
HCN
  +  
2
H2
  +  
Pd
on BaSO4
  +  
2
H2O
        
  +  

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2
  +  
2
HCN
  +  
2
H2
  +  
Pd
on BaSO4
  +  
2
H2O
        
  +  

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2
  +  
2
HCN
  +  
2
H2
  +  
Pd
on BaSO4
  +  
2
H2O
        
  +  

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2
  +  
2
HCN
  +  
2
H2
  +  
Pd
on BaSO4
  +  
2
H2O
        
  +  

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Sucrose
  +  
H2O
  +  
H+
        
  +  

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Starch
  +  
1000
H2O
        
1000

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Cellulose
  +  
1000
H2O
  +  
H+
        
1000

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Butter
  +  
H2O
  +  
NaOH(aq)
        
  +  
CH3(CH2)14COOH
  +  
Oleic Acid
  +  
CH3(CH2)12COOH

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Lard
  +  
H2O
  +  
NaOH(aq)
        
  +  
Oleic Acid
  +  
CH3(CH2)14COOH
  +  
CH3(CH2)16COOH

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Corn Oil
  +  
H2O
  +  
NaOH(aq)
        
  +  
Oleic Acid
  +  
Linoleic
Acid
  +  
CH3(CH2)14COOH

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Linseed
Oil
  +  
H2O
  +  
NaOH(aq)
        
  +  
Linolenic
Acid
  +  
Linoleic
Acid
  +  
Oleic Acid

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Olive
Oil
  +  
H2O
  +  
NaOH(aq)
        
  +  
Oleic Acid
  +  
CH3(CH2)14COOH
  +  
Linoleic
Acid

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Peanut
Oil
  +  
H2O
  +  
NaOH(aq)
        
  +  
Oleic Acid
  +  
Linoleic
Acid
  +  
CH3(CH2)14COOH

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Coconut
Oil
  +  
H2O
  +  
NaOH(aq)
        
  +  
CH3(CH2)10COOH
  +  
CH3(CH2)12COOH
  +  
CH3(CH2)14COOH

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Peanut
Oil
  +  
Coconut
Oil
  +  
KOH
  +  
H2O
        
Soap
  +  

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(CH3CO)2CO
  +  
H2O
        
2
CH3COOH

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CH3COCl
  +  
H2O
        
CH3COOH
  +  
HCl

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AlCl3
  +  
6
H2O
        
[Al(H2O)6]3+
  +  
3
Cl–

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TiCl4
  +  
2
H2O
        
TiO2
  +  
4
HCl

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  +  
[OH]–
        
  +  
[CH3COO]–

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GeCl4
  +  
2
H2O
        
GeO2
  +  
4
HCl

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CH3CH2CN
  +  
2
H2O
  +  
HCl(aq)
        
CH3CH2COOH
  +  
NH3

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  +  
H2O
        
  +  
H2SO4

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  +  
H2O
        
CH3CH2OH
  +  
H2SO4

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  +  
[OH]–
  +  
H2O
        
  +  

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  +  
NaOH(aq)
        
CH3COONa
  +  
CH3CH2OH

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  +  
H2O
        
  +  
HCl

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  +  
H2O
        
2

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CH3CN
  +  
2
H2O
  +  
H+
        
CH3COOH
  +  
[NH4]+

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  +  
HCl(conc)
        

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  +  
H2O
        
CH3COOH
  +  
CH3OH

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[CoCl4]2–
  +  
6
H2O
        

[Co(H2O)6]2+
  +  
4
Cl–

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[VCl2(H2O)4]+
  +  
2
H2O
        

[V(H2O)6]3+
  +  
2
Cl–

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  +  
2
H2O
  +  
H2SO4(aq)
        
  +  
NH3

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[CoCl4]2–
  +  
4
AgNO3
  +  
H2O
        
4
AgCl
  +  
Co2+
  +  
4
[NO3]–

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CH3COCl
  +  
AgNO3
  +  
H2O
        
AgCl
  +  
CH3COOH
  +  
H+
  +  
[NO3]–

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  +  
2
[OH]–
        
  +  
2
Br–

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© Mark R. Leach 1999 –

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please contact Mark R. Leach, the author, using mark@meta-synthesis.com